# PT-141 References: The Bremelanotide Literature, Cited

> The full PT-141 reference list — the RECONNECT Phase 3 HSDD trials, the mechanistic fMRI study, the intranasal and subcutaneous PK work, the prescribing information, and LiverTox — with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a source below — peer-reviewed trials, the FDA prescribing information, and the NIH LiverTox monograph, with DOIs and PubMed links.

## How to read this list

The references below are numbered to match the inline markers used across [PT-141 mechanism of action](/research#mechanism), [PT-141 half-life and pharmacokinetics](/half-life), [PT-141 side effects documented in trials](/side-effects), and the [PT-141 dosage as studied in clinical research](/dosage). Where a claim is quantitative — a dose, a half-life, an incidence, an effect size — it is tied to one of these sources. Editorial framing and the clearly-labeled field-reports sections are not citations and are marked as unverified where they appear.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] Diamond LE, Earle DC, Rosen RC, Willett MS, Molinoff PB. Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy males and patients with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2004;16(1):51-59. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14963471/
[7] Rosen RC, Diamond LE, Earle DC, Shadiack AM, Molinoff PB. Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to sildenafil. Int J Impot Res. 2004;16(2):135-142. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901200
[8] Diamond LE, Earle DC, Garcia WD, Spana C. Co-administration of low doses of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, and sildenafil to men with erectile dysfunction results in an enhanced erectile response. Urology. 2005;65(4):755-759. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15833522/
[9] Clayton AH, Althof SE, Kingsberg S, DeRogatis LR, Kroll R, Goldstein I, et al. Bremelanotide for Female Sexual Dysfunctions in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dose-Finding Trial. Womens Health (Lond). 2016;12(3):325-337. https://doi.org/10.2217/whe-2016-0018
[10] Althof S, Derogatis LR, Greenberg S, Clayton AH, Jordan R, Lucas J, Spana C. Responder Analyses from a Phase 2b Dose-Ranging Study of Bremelanotide. J Sex Med. 2019;16(8):1226-1235. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31277966/
[11] Dooley AB, Houssaini AS, Tsai T, Ramasamy R. Use of Telemedicine for Sexual Medicine Patients. Sex Med Rev. 2020;8(4):507-517. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32739238/
[12] National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bremelanotide — LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. NCBI Bookshelf; 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573221/
[13] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[14] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[15] Tan R, et al. Telemedicine Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic in 8 Countries From the International Society for Sexual Medicine. J Med Internet Res. 2025. https://doi.org/10.2196/60369

---

A clinician's measured read of the bremelanotide record — the confirmed trial findings raised plainly, the tolerability and contraindication facts pressed in first, and the unverified field reports kept off to one side; no clinic behind the surface and nothing here dosed, dispensed, or sold.